At the other end, the strings wind around loops at the end of thick cords, which pass over the nut then looped through holes at the bottom of the instrument and secured, and then the cords are all tied in a decorative coil. The strings enter the top of the body from tolgwae (string pegs) beneath. These bridges move to adjust the tuning and intonation. On the soundboard, anjok (movable bridges) support the strings. The soundboard is made of paulownia, but the sides and back are of a harder wood such as chestnut or walnut. The sanjo gayageum is about 142 cm long by 23 cm wide by 10 cm deep. The resonator chamber is hollowed out of the piece of paulownia. Its body is made of a single piece of paulownia wood. The beobgeum gayageum is 160 cm long by 30 cm wide by 10 cm deep. This is to avoid switching between the bass and treble clefs to make reading the music easier. When noted in staff notation, however, the pitch series is usually transposed as the following, regardless of the actual pitches tuned on the strings: The gayageum can be tuned to a variety of pitches depending on use, though no standard exists as to what exact pitches they should be tuned. The right hand plucks and flicks the strings close to the bridge of the gayageum, whilst the left hand pushes the strings on the left side of the bridges to raise the pitch and adds vibrato and other ornamentation. The gayageum is played with both right and left hands. Instead, the gayageum has detachable legs that are fixed into the end to raise the tail high enough. The people of North Korea usually play whilst seated on a chair, but they do not use a stand of the tail end. For modern gayageum, they may be placed on a special stand with the player seated on a chair behind the instrument. When played whilst seated on a chair or stool, the tail end is usually placed on a special fold-out stand, similar to a camp-stool, or another chair/stool. The gayageum is traditionally played when sitting on the floor with crossed legs, the head of the instrument resting on the right knee and the tail resting on the floor. Playing method Concert Kwak SooEun and ensemble playing the gayageum The 21-string gayageum is normally found in North Korea. Gayageum are available with 13, 17, 18, 21, 22, or 25 strings, though instruments with more strings are available custom-made. To play modern music, gayageum with a greater number of strings have been developed, increasing the instrument's range. Brass strings have also been introduced to produce a louder sound, which is preferred for accompanying dance. Modern versions of the gayageum with more strings often use nylon-wrapped steel strings, similar to those used for the Chinese guzheng. All traditional gayageum use silk strings, though since the late 20th century, some musicians use nylon. The sanjo gayageum is now the most widespread form of gayageum. The sanjo gayageum version of the instrument has closer string spacing and a shorter length to let musicians play the faster passages required for sanjo. The sanjo gayageum is believed to have evolved in the 19th century with the emergence of sanjo music, which in Korean literally means "scattered melodies", a musical form that involves fast tempos and some improvisation. This type of gayageum has a wider spacing between the strings and plays slower-tempo music such as Yeongsan hoesang and Mit-doduri. It is normally associated with accompaniment for court music, chamber music, and lyric songs. The ancient gayageum of King Gasil was called by several names, including beopgeum (law-zither, 법금), pungnyu (elegance, 풍류), or jeong-ak (right music, 정악) gayageum. The gayageum was then further improved by Wu Ruk during the reign of Jinheung in the Shilla dynasty. The original name was gayago(or gayatgo) and later gayageum. He ordered a musician named Wu Ruk to compose music that could be played on the instrument. History Pungryu gayageum (beopgeum, jeongak gayageum) Īccording to the Samguksagi (1146), a history of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, the gayageum was developed around the sixth century in the Gaya confederacy by King Gasil (also known as Haji of Daegaya) after he observed an old Chinese instrument Guzheng. It is based on the Chinese guzheng and is similar to the Japanese koto, Mongolian yatga, Vietnamese đàn tranh, Sundanese kacapi and Kazakh jetigen. It is probably the best known traditional Korean musical instrument. The gayageum or kayagum ( Korean: 가야금 Hanja: 伽倻琴) is a traditional Korean plucked zither with 12 strings, though some more recent variants have 18, 21 or 25 strings. Demonstration of the sound of gayageum by a non-professional player
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